The Criminal Justice System Of America - 1763 Words

The criminal justice system has been around for thousands of years. It has not always been as formal and structured as it is today, but has been a constant part of society nonetheless. As nations and societies have changed, so has the criminal justice system present within each nation or society. Customs and laws have affected the punishments and procedures observed in criminal justice systems all over the world as certain punishments or laws set in one society may not apply to another society. The United States’s criminal justice system brings together laws and punishments that had been previously used in Europe for hundreds of years, as well as adding new ones that were appropriate for the new way of life experienced in the colonies and today. Certain practices and punishments, such as capital punishment, law enforcement, and interrogation practices, used today have evolved from the first time they were introduced to the criminal justice system of America. The criminal justi ce system of America is more organized now and so practices and punishments can be used more efficiently, but not necessarily effectively. This is seen with the origins and problems and solutions caused by using capital punishment, certain interrogation techniques, and having law enforcement. In society today, capital punishment is not usually seen as favorable. The supposedly painless lethal injection, given to death row inmates in states that still allow capital punishment, can be seen as a moreShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Criminal Justice System896 Words   |  4 Pagesobjectives of criminal justice, to set up the difficulty for effective decision-making and therefore the ability to come to a decision. These a number of the cited as a number of the most things that show however Germany s criminal justice system contrasts with the America s criminal justice system. supported this; this essay are going to be comparison at a number of the basic variations between America’s and Germany’s scheme (Maxeiner, 2012). For instance; it s clear that America s judges squareRead MoreCriminal Justice System And The Government Of America1813 Words   |  8 PagesCriminal justice is one of the most important systems which affect everyone’s life in the government of America. Within the system, although the debate over causes and solutions to crime will probably never end, the government has evolved and developed a criminal justice system for dealing with crimes. By deterring and mitigating crime, upholding social control, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts, the criminal justice system has a fundamentalRead MoreAmerica s Criminal Justice System1845 Words   |  8 Pagesthese criminals are properly punished for their wrongdoings. With rehabilitation, one can not ensure that if given a second chance the criminal will not offend again. We need to confront crime with a proper punishment and that is where retribution comes in. With retribution society appears more secure and crimes of violence decrease. Since it is essential to control violence in society, retribution is essential. Retribution should undoubtedly be favored over rehabilitation in America’s criminal justiceRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System and Courts in America973 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe a court and its purpose. Courts are established social, political, and judicial institutions necessary for the manifestation of justice and the maintenance of law and order. The courts are part of the judicial branch of government, as outlined in Article III of the United States Constitution. Courts are the arenas in which the law is tried and applied. Judges are the presiding officers of the court. The United States Supreme Court is the most fundamental court because has the authorityRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Of The United States Of America1985 Words   |  8 PagesThe judicial processes that have been adopted by the current criminal justice system of the United States of America include mandatory minimums that diminish the importance of certain factors in a case such as the context of the situation and the power of judges to decide on an appropriate sentence; furthermore, they result in more serious, yet overlooked, implications of racial bias and unfair plea bargaining. Mandatory minimums are strict sentences that a judge must abide by when determining howRead MoreCriminal Justice System Serves As America s Backbone Of The Police Force884 Words   |  4 Pages he Criminal Justice System serves as America’s backbone of the police force. When a crime is committed there are certain steps that must be taken in order to either prove innocence or guilt of the suspect or suspects. Some of these procedures may differ by state. The first part of this process requires that a crime is committed. Either a witness must notify the police by dialing 911, or the officer must witness the crime in person for the investigation process to begin, if the crime is not reportedRead MoreInvestigation Of The Criminal Justice Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe overview of the criminal justice, especially in America. The result from the interview of one of the fractioned for instance, the attorney in the criminal justice will be the cornerstone of this report. In this case, the Attorney’s view about criminal justice will be thoroughly analyzed and compared with other sources to bring out the bright image of the criminal justice in America. The argumen ts of whether there is the efficient administration of the criminal justice system, their methodologiesRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System : An Analysis Of Income And Racial Inequality Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Williams English 102 Professor 6 May 2015 The Criminal Justice System: an Analysis of Income and Racial Inequality In the history of civilized communities, one finds that different structures and practices are relevant and necessary to uphold and maintain order within society—hence, the establishment of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system, according to the Oxford Dictionaries (2010), is defined as â€Å"the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehendingRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system is a group of institutions that work together to protect a society, prevent and control crime, and maintain justice; enforcing the laws regulated by society. As the years have gone by and society has evolved; so have the criminal justice system and its methods to accomplish its role in society. This short analysis will evaluate the main facts that have been affecting the criminal justice system for decades and have influenced the evolution the justice system is enduringRead MoreFuture Of Crime : The United States Of America Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pages Future of Crime Investigation in United States of America Writer’s Name Institution’s Name Future of Crime Investigation in United States of America Crime Investigation is an important aspect of the law enforcement in any country. It is considered as the most vital aspect of legal system as both the law and order as well as justice system is dependent over the quality of crime investigation in the country. Not only that. There are several aspects related directly or indirectly with

The Roles Of Multi Disciplinary Working - 2060 Words

The significance of multi-disciplinary working has enabled different professionals from inter-agencies to collaborate with children and families. This essay will discuss the partnership between agencies with regards to the scenario given for this course; looking at present legislations and policies the government has implemented for the functioning of multi-disciplinary. I will analyse the scenario on Craig, who is in year 5 and has been identified as having special educational needs by his school. Moreover this essay will also cover the advantages of Multi-disciplinary working as well as the challenges and barriers imposed on professionals working in health, social services and education. Another scope of this essay will consider the roles, responsibilities and relationships of different professionals who might be involved with the family in relation to the Every Child Matters Outcomes and integrated working. Throughout this essay there will be a variety of terminology used in equivalent to multi-disciplinary working, Reed and Canning (2009) has introduced interchanging terms associated with multi-disciplinary, which have been defined below: Partnership working: A group of professionals working together which requires agencies assistances to deliver services to local children and families (Douglas 2008). Integrated working: More than one agencies working alongside each other, using their own professionals to help overcome a range of difficulties (Glasby andShow MoreRelatedMulti Disciplinary Team in Healthcare Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesMulti-Disciplinary Teams. Whilst on placement on an adult rehabilitation ward, I had the opportunity to work in partnership with a multi-disciplinary team and attended a multi-disciplinary team meeting. Gorman (1998) describes a multi-disciplinary team as â€Å"†¦bringing together the wisdom and skills [and] †¦differing expertise, different value systems and different organizational hierarchies† of the various areas of knowledge. Whilst on this placement, I have worked alongside and assisted nursingRead MoreThe Nmc Establish Standards And Requirements For Nursing Education962 Words   |  4 Pagesas confidentiality, consent rights, and autonomy. All nurses are expected to comply at an individual level with these guidelines on a daily basis, NMC (2015). The nurse and the student played the same role in Bill’s care which was to provide the best possible care for Bill. As the student was working on leadership skills, the nurse supervised the student according to the NMC (2008) which states nurses must facilitate students to develop their competence. The student and the nurse ensured that BillRead MoreOrganisation responsibility to provide comprehensive services available to all aspires to the600 Words   |  3 PagesWestcott (2005)states that organizational reconfiguration may have contributed to the lack of clarity , and therefore some agencies was not clear about roles and responsibilities this rai ses concern about multi-discipline team working in contrast with The NHS Principles (date ref) which outlines its commitment to work with multi-disciplinary teams in the interest of patient care and the public. A report found that The General Medical Council, Nursing and Midwifery Council and the other professionalRead MoreI Am An Interesting And Thought Provoking Module1559 Words   |  7 Pageson team working and active listening. Detailing the need for them, its effects on patients and health professionals as well as the consequences of their absences. At the beginning of this module I undertook a Belbin Team Role questionnaire which aimed to discover what role I would fulfil in a team (Belbin 2012). It concluded that I was an ‘Implementer’ and had strengths in being practical and efficient, whilst being weak in responding to new opportunities. This activity highlighted a role which IRead MoreThe Idaho State Board Of Nursing1370 Words   |  6 PagesVision Statement In today’s world of nursing it takes a very special, kind, caring, compassionate, and patient person to make a good nurse. Nurses today have very fast paced and busy working conditions. Looking towards the future, I know it is important to know and understand what is fully expected of me. The standard, regulations and expectations of Practical nurses today takes a very responsible and professional person. Idaho State Board of Nursing’s vision statement is the following â€Å"AdvancingRead MoreClinical Nurse Specialist Job Description1672 Words   |  7 Pagesday-to-day work setting. The five major components of the CNS role comprise of: expert clinical practice, educator, researcher, consultant, and leadership/management (Fulton, Lyon Goudreau, 2014). Working as part of a multi-disciplinary team, CNSs can effect change by improving patient care, mentoring junior staff and colleagues, and refine organizational processes through improved standards of care. In addition to fulfilling the five major role components, the CNS integrates care across three spheresRead MoreUnit 304793 Words   |  3 Pagesimplementing duty of care in health, social care or children s and young people s settings Outcome 1. Understand how duty of care contributes to safe practice. 1.1 Explain what it means to have a duty of care in your own role Having a duty of care in my role means that I have a responsibility, as a Team Leader, to support the staff team and lead a shift as safely and smoothly as possible. Also a duty of care to the people I support in ensuring their needs are met and independence is promotedRead MoreHealthcare Teams Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Teams Paper â€Å"All health care disciplines share a common and primary commitment to serving the patient and working toward the ideal of health for all.† (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2014, p. 1) There are many different professional members in the healthcare system. Each of them, have a specific specialty and responsibility to the patient and play an important role in the patient’s overall plan of care. â€Å"The scope of health care mandates that health professionals work collaborativelyRead MoreIntegrated And Collaborative Working Within Childhood Practice1102 Words   |  5 Pagesand collaborative working within childhood practice. Outcome 1 Integrated working is achieved through effective collaboration and co-ordination across all services and sectors including voluntary who work with children, young people and their families. These sectors could be housing, police, health, child-minders, community groups or early year’s workers. The above services are a fundamental role for both children, families and carers who may need the support of these agencies .Multi- agency CollaborationRead MoreApplication For The Position Of Program Delivery Manager Telecommunications1583 Words   |  7 PagesTelecommunications as advertised recently on the SEEK. With significant industry experience in management and leadership roles, every time I exceeded expectations of my management and stakeholder by leveraging the ability of analytical, strategic and tactical thinking, which is imperative for a business leader. I’ve many more to offer that is needed to build a solid foundation in this role and have presented my response against each of the selection criteria for your kind consideration. With a Master’s

Impacts of the Customer Empowerment on Employees Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Positive and Negative Impacts of the Customer Empowerment on Employees. Answer: Introduction Customer empowerment is the freedom or power of a client or customer to give his/her opinion on the nature of the company, products or services offered (GIBSON, 2012). This can be an idea on how to improve the product or services that are offered to fit the customers expectations, to improve the conditions of the services or how to improve how the company works. This factor was more common in the past years where the customer could give his /her views without fear of contradiction, harassment or face a legal action. An example is the reality shows where the media conversation was one way and the best winner was rewarded without hesitation, unlike today where the winner has to be decided by the viewers in the case of a television show and listeners in case of a radio show. In tourism industries, customers are very important as they take a greater part of the sectors enforcement for development. As a result, the customer has the power to give an opinion on what needs to be improved or eradicated to fit the stipulated objectives towards the customer by the tourism company (RAY, 2015). This customer empowerment has both positive and negative impacts on the employees, customers themselves and the firm. Positive impacts on; Employees These are the firms service providers to the customers and empowerment of the customer may positively impact on them by; Personal development, correction by the client on ways of service provision by the employee may enhance personal development in that the employee re-corrects to well serve the other customers for better complements (OETTING, 2009). Motivation, this is the increase in moral or passion for doing something for better performance. If a customer positively complements the employee, it adds to the employees morale to be better to receive better compliments and even at times appreciations. Customers Being the one to give an opinion to about something it positively influences oneself; The main aim to give an opinion is to satisfy your requirements enhancing a positive customer outcome. Status maintenance, a customer may re-correct a situation to fit his/her level with fear of losing the status. Firm the main service provider outlet; Development, when a firms station is corrected that means its developing. Increased profit margins. Need for having a positive customer outcome is to create more profits. Negative impacts Employees; Harassment, sometimes the opinions may be given in a harsh manner making the employee feel undeserving. Loss of jobs, an opinion by the customer may be misunderstood resulting in loss of the job. Customers; Conflict, the customer may give an opinion that may feel as an offense resulting in conflict. Harassment/extortion, the customer may give an honest opinion but face harsh judgment and even at times forced to apologize through beating or extortion. Firm Poor customers outcome, the negative opinion given may be channeled to different customers that may lose trust in its services and products. Increased operational caused incurred during restoring the pointed issues that wound enhance the firm's development. Conclusion Customers empower is not a bad feature in the business world for customers to speak their mind but should be done under certain conditions. All business units should involve their customers while making decisions on issues affecting them to avoid certain embarrassing situations. References GIBSON, P. (2012). The world of customer service. Mason, Ohio, South Western Cengage Learning. INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION. (2017). Organizational culture and behavior concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey, Information Science Reference. OETTING, M. (2009). Ripple effect: how empowered involvement drives word of mouth. Wiesbaden, Gabler. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=750540. RAY, N. (2015). Emerging innovative marketing strategies in the tourism industry. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3433325.

The Fly Monologue Essay Example For Students

The Fly Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Walter WykesSARAH: Sure. It was flattering at first. I was the love interest back then, the heroine, you know, just dripping sexuality, inspiring armies with my charms, seducing heroes with a look. It was good for the ego, I’ll say that much. All my friends were terribly jealous. But even then, I had this dark side. In his books, I mean. Not in real life. He always gave me a selfish streak or some petty score to settle, some obsession that compromised his hero in some way. I thought he was just trying to make things more interesting, you know, unpredictable, lifelike, but then I started noticing little bits of myself in the villains, the really evil characters, right, the kind that need a stake through the heart to put them out of their misery. He denied it, of course. We will write a custom essay on The Fly Monologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Said I was being paranoid. But there were certain things I’d say, you know, certain conversations we’d had that he’d repeat almost word for word. It was so obvious. The heroines no longer resembled me at all. They were young and pretty and innocent, and he’d chase after them, just like he did in real life, and I was this aging, bitter hag out to destroy him, determined to make his life as miserable and pathetic as my own. My only consolation is that after the divorce, I’ll get a cut of book royalties. That’s what we’re asking. I think it’s only fair, don’t you? That every time someone realizes what a contemptible cunt I am, at least I’ll make a few dollars?

Employment and Form I

Employment and Form I Employment and Form I- 9 Essay OMB No. 1615-0047; Expires 06/30/09 Form I-9, Employment Eligibility Verification Department of Homeland Security U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Instructions Read all instructions carefully before completing this form. Anti-Discrimination Notice. It is illegal to discriminate against any individual (other than an alien not authorized to work in the United States) in hiring, discharging, or recruiting or referring for a fee because of that individual's national origin or citizenship status. It is illegal to discriminate against work-authorized individuals. Employers CANNOT specify which document(s) they will accept from an employee. The refusal to hire an individual because the documents presented have a future expiration date may also constitute illegal discrimination. For more information, call the Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices at 1-800-255-8155. What Is the Purpose of This Form? The purpose of this form is to document that each new employee (both citizen and noncitizen) hired after November 6, 1986, is authorized to work in the United States. When Should Form I-9 Be Used? All employees, citizens, and noncitizens hired after November 6, 1986, and working in the United States must complete Form I-9. Filling Out Form I-9 in Section 2 evidence of employment authorization that contains an expiration date (e.g., Employment Authorization Document (Form I-766)). Preparer/Translator Certification The Preparer/Translator Certification must be completed if Section 1 is prepared by a person other than the employee. A preparer/translator may be used only when the employee is unable to complete Section 1 on his or her own. However, the employee must still sign Section 1 personally. Section 2, Employer For the purpose of completing this form, the term "employer" means all employers including those recruiters and referrers for a fee who are agricultural associations, agricultural employers, or farm labor contractors. Employers must complete Section 2 by examining evidence of identity and employment authorization within three business days of the date employment begins. However, if an employer hires an individual for less than three business days, Section 2 must be completed at the time employment begins. Employers cannot specify which document(s) listed on the last page of Form I-9 employees present to establish identity and employment authorization. Employees may present any List A document OR a combination of a List B and a List C document. This part of the form must be completed no later than the time of hire, which is the actual beginning of employment. Providing the Social Security Number is voluntary, except for employees hired by employers participating in the USCIS Electronic Employment Eligibility Verification Program (EVerify). The employer is responsible for ensuring that Section 1 is timely and properly completed. If an employee is unable to present a required document (or documents), the employee must present an acceptable receipt in lieu of a document listed on the last page of this form. Receipts showing that a person has applied for an initial grant of employment authorization, or for renewal of employment authorization, are not acceptable. Employees must present receipts within three business days of the date employment begins and must present valid replacement documents within 90 days or other specified time. Noncitizen Nationals of the United States Employers must record in Section 2: Section 1, Employee Noncitizen nationals of the United States are persons born in American Samoa, certain former citizens of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and certain children of noncitizen nationals born abroad. Employers should note the work authorization expiration date (if any) shown in Section 1. For employees who indicate an employment authorization

Free Essays on Menander

After the Macedonian conquest, Greek comedy moved away from the daring personal and political satire of Aristophanes. Lacking complete political independance, writers of this New Comedy found themselves moving towards safer more mundane subject matter. They found their inspiration in the daily life of Athens. Their characters were drawn from the cooks, merchants, farmers and slaves of the city. According to ancient report, the most gifted of these new writers was Menander. Menander, the child of a distinguished family, wrote more than 100 plays during a career that spanned about thirty-three years. He was known for the delicacy and truthfulness of his characterizations, and his poetic style was often mentioned in the same breath as Homer's. Although he won first prize at only eight festivals, he did much to move comedy towards a more realistic representation of human life. Menander's characters spoke in the contemporary dialect and concerned themselves not with the great myths of the past, but rather with the everyday affairs of the people of Athens. His plots revolved around young boys in love with young girls, parents concerned with the misbehavior of their children, unwanted pregnancies, long-lost relatives, and all sorts of sexual misadventures. His first play, The Self Tormentor, was written at the age of twenty. And he won his first victory with a play entitled Anger in 316 B.C. Menander's plays held a place in the standard literature of western Europe for over 800 years. At some point, however, his manuscripts were lost or destroyed, and what we now know of the poet is based primarily on ancient reports, a few manuscripts which have been recovered in the last hundred years, and adaptations by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence. There is only one complete playDyskolos (The Grouch)which was not rediscovered until 1957. A few long fragments have survived as well from such plays as The Arbitration, The Girl from Samos, ... Free Essays on Menander Free Essays on Menander After the Macedonian conquest, Greek comedy moved away from the daring personal and political satire of Aristophanes. Lacking complete political independance, writers of this New Comedy found themselves moving towards safer more mundane subject matter. They found their inspiration in the daily life of Athens. Their characters were drawn from the cooks, merchants, farmers and slaves of the city. According to ancient report, the most gifted of these new writers was Menander. Menander, the child of a distinguished family, wrote more than 100 plays during a career that spanned about thirty-three years. He was known for the delicacy and truthfulness of his characterizations, and his poetic style was often mentioned in the same breath as Homer's. Although he won first prize at only eight festivals, he did much to move comedy towards a more realistic representation of human life. Menander's characters spoke in the contemporary dialect and concerned themselves not with the great myths of the past, but rather with the everyday affairs of the people of Athens. His plots revolved around young boys in love with young girls, parents concerned with the misbehavior of their children, unwanted pregnancies, long-lost relatives, and all sorts of sexual misadventures. His first play, The Self Tormentor, was written at the age of twenty. And he won his first victory with a play entitled Anger in 316 B.C. Menander's plays held a place in the standard literature of western Europe for over 800 years. At some point, however, his manuscripts were lost or destroyed, and what we now know of the poet is based primarily on ancient reports, a few manuscripts which have been recovered in the last hundred years, and adaptations by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence. There is only one complete playDyskolos (The Grouch)which was not rediscovered until 1957. A few long fragments have survived as well from such plays as The Arbitration, The Girl from Samos, ...

Causes of Water Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of Water Pollution - Essay Example It disrupts the balance of an ecosystem. Water pollution is caused when pollutants are indirectly or directly discharged into water bodies. As a result of the impairment by anthropogenic contaminants, polluted water does not support human use (Hester 115). It also does not support constituent biotic communities. Plants and animals are immensely affected by water pollution. Though natural events such as algae blooms, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and storms can cause water pollution, human activities are the major causes of pollution. Â  The contaminants that lead to water pollution are covered in a wide spectrum of pathogens and chemicals, in addition to sensory and physical changes that are occasioned by discoloration and changes in temperature. Chemical substances that cause water pollution are usually toxic, while the pathogens produce waterborne diseases (Hester 139). Alterations in the physical chemistry of water include the electrical conductivity and acidity of water. Â  Water pollution can be caused by pathogens, which are disease-causing micro-organisms. Most of the bacteria found in water are beneficial or harmless. However, a few pathogens have the potentials to cause infectious diseases. The best indicator for pathogens in water is the Coliform bacteria, which is used as a bacterial indicator in case of water pollution. There are a number of harmful microorganisms that are found on the surface of the water. The pollutant microorganisms include Burkholderia pseudomallei, Cryptosporidium param, Giardia lamblia, Salmonella, parasitic worms and Novo virus (Hester 166). High levels of pathogens may be caused by the discharge of inadequately treated sewage into freshwater systems. Additionally, some cities may have aged infrastructure, which may leak pathogens into the water system. Â  

Compare and contrast the theme of the vampire family in a couple Essay

Compare and contrast the theme of the vampire family in a couple different stories - Essay Example Both Louis and Claudia become desperate to know where they belong and meet with others who would understand their entire situation. Finally, they travel to Europe destining in Paris where they find the theatre of vampires. Here, the author of the novel through establishing the book as a short story brings out the disastrous and successful life experiences of a spirit, as well as the endeavors of characters thus capturing the socio-political changes of different continents. By the novel introducing Lestat, the most lasting character who is a thrilling combination of attraction and revolt with many lush illustrations, it focuses on immortality, loss, sexuality, change, and power as its main themes. The request by characters Daniel and Madelein for Louis to give them the power he had or make them vampires clearly indicates they were living in an era and region that had a lot of restrain in terms of sex, non-tolerance to criminal activities and may be stern code of social conduct. That is why they were eager to experience new taste of life. The author through building such a scenario where characters with non-human attributes could go to new places and the people they meet becoming excited about their attributes and wanting to be like them, captures the theme of change. This theme has a close relationship with the Victorian orals emphasized through religion, elitism, and improvements as regarding industrialism. The main characters’ description of vampires does not, in any way, portray a picture of ugly look of vampires, and, in fact, he states that all vampires move about with preternatural grace and beauty. Again, the author acknowledges the similarity of her themes with that of Mary Shelley’s alternative title for her book Frankenstein of the modern Prometheus, a title founded on the romantic’s point of view that Prometheus personified the demon. This is undoubtedly true especially when taking into consideration that Rice, in her novel,

Hinduism Paper Essay Example for Free

Hinduism Paper Essay With over 900 million followers, Hinduism is the third largest religion today. Only Christianity and Islam have more. The major difference between them though, is that Hinduism did not spread like the other two religions. Out of the 900 million followers that the Hindu religion has, only 20 million are located outside of India. The religion barely spread outside of India, mainly because of how the Hindu religion is followed and how its culture is. Hinduism has a very rich history, and during the seventeenth and eighteenth century the religion went through some big changes that changed India and the countries around them. Hinduism started in around 3000 BC but unlike other religions, which had one certain founder, or someone who generally started the religion, the Hindu religion grew slowly out of beliefs, cultures and practices of ancient Indo-Aryan tribes. In the article â€Å"Enjoying Religions: When Did Hinduism Begin?† Buddha tells us that Hinduism took centuries to actually become a true religion. Hindus believe in reincarnation, that every living thing has a soul, and that after death each soul gets born again into a different body. Karma plays a huge role in Hinduism, where if you live a life of good, you move onto a better form of life, and if you live a life of evil, you move down to a lower form of life. Hindus believe that you keep coming back to life to live on earth over and over again, and over many lifetimes you can escape this cycle and join Brahman. This is pretty far apart from Christianity and Islam, where you only live once and then either go to heaven or hell according to how you lived your life. Another difference between Hinduism and other religions is that they don’t have a central book like the Bible or the Quran. Instead they have sacred texts, and together they make a book called Vedas. The caste system played and continues to play a major role in India. Hinduism is not just a religion, but also a way of life, which affects everyday life of the average Indian. From marriage to friendship and from what you can eat to how you should sleep. In Hindu culture you can only be married to someone who is in the same caste as you are. Hinduism has played a huge role in shaping the history of southern Asia. The Pre-Modern Period of Hinduism, which was around the years 1500-1757, was a time where different cultures were starting to get involved in India and the Hindu religion. Mainly Islam. Professor Gavin Flood tells us in his article, â€Å"The History of Islam† that the Islam forces started in the North, and by the beginning of the seventeenth century Mughal power was brought into effect and in the article â€Å"The Mughal Empire – Akbar† they really give an inside look at the life and reign of Akbar. Akbar, who was one of the greatest leaders of the Mughal Empire and in Indian history, was very tolerant to religion. In fact, he actually married a Hindu princess. Akbar allowed the Hindus to practice freely. However, his great grandson, Aurangzeb, who ruled from 1618 to 1707, restricted Hindu practice and destroyed many Hindu temples. He was the last of the Mughal Emperors. Although under his rule the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, he was also the reason for the empires fall. The British Period, which starts at 1757 and goes all the way to 1947, started with Robert Clive’s victory at the Battle of Plassey, which ended the Mughal Empire and the rise of British supremacy in India. Before the Indian Rebellion in 1857, India was divided into many small and unstable kingdoms, until the entire country fell into British rule. In the beginning of British rule they were very lenient on religious tolerance, and allow the Indians to practice their Hindu religion. Slowly over time, Christian missionaries started going to India trying to convent the Indians. Shortly after, British scholars started going to India and started to try to westernize the local population. Some tried to make the Hindu religion more modern and western, and created Neo-Hinduism, as it says in the article by Brian Smith, â€Å"Hinduism†. Hinduism has come a long way in history. Most people would say the Hinduism is still just as pure as it started, even with foreign invasions like the Mughals with Islam, and the British with Christianity. Although they’ve tried, foreign missionaries could not convert the Hindus to either Islam or Christianity. Until today Hinduism is still mostly practiced in India and very little outside of there. Even though Hinduism is a religion mostly practiced in only one part of the globe, it is still the third largest religion in the world. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/history/history_1.shtml http://religiondilama.blogspot.com/2009/04/when-did-hinduism-begin.html http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=akbarsection=history/mughals/emperorsframe=parent http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hinduism.aspx

The Emergence of Capitalist Economy In Russia :: essays papers

The Emergence of Capitalist Economy In Russia I. Introduction: A Newfound Freedom Imagine you are a high school student just about to graduate. You are about to leave your parents, who have directed your actions for your entire life. However, you have never had to make your own decisions, and are having trouble handling your new situation. Now imagine that on a larger scale. An entire nation released from the control of its "parents" with no idea how to use its newfound freedom. The Russian Federation is only a shell of its former glory as the U.S.S.R. because it had to withstand just such a change. The "high school student", a socialist market in which the government makes all the rules, recently was overhauled. The new economic condition in Russia is a free market. However, the people had no experience in handling the independence that they acquired as the capitalist market was established. It had been a long hard journey to get where they were, and now a longer, harder journey is beginning - the journey into capitalism. II. The Beginnings of Socialism Russia did not exist as a nation just seven years ago. It was formed from the ruins of a greater nation. Russia's current troubles are based on problems it found, or created, during the years it operated under socialism. This theory, which proposes equality and the means of achieving it, has been scorned by the Western world. One must wonder why such a grand conception has failed. A. Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto By far, the most important document in the development of socialism was The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Frederik Engels in 1848. (Berki) This document was published as a reply to politicians who would accuse their opponents of being Communist for the sake of scaring the public. (Marx) Marx's Manifesto was the driving force behind socialism and Communism in Russia. In it, he described the fall of capitalism at the hands of the working classes. (Berki) The following paragraphs are excerpts from that work. "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and

Financial Statement Analysis Essay

I. INTRODUCTION Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent, to assist in investment and financial decision-making. Moreover, it is also the process of identifying financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing relationship between the items of the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. When looking a specific company, the financial analyst will often focus on the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flows statement. One of the most common ways of analyzing financial data is to calculate ratios from the data to compare against those of other companies or against the company’s own historical performance. For example, return on assets is a common ratio used to determine how efficient a company is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could be calculated for several similar companies and compared as part of a larger analysis. Financial analysis converts raw information of financial statements in useful financial information. Only after financial analysis, we can use financial statements for decision making. This financial information is useful for planning for example; we can estimate our future ability of earning on advertising if we did financial analysis of our advertising expenses with direct return on the investment in advertising. Like this, we can do financial analysis of each and every item of profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow statement. II. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze the financial statement of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc and Far Eastern University for the periods of 2007 to 2011 using financial statement analysis. This analysis are to apprehend the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the weaknesses and strengths of the firm and to make a forecast about the future prospects of the firm thereby, enabling the analysts to take decisions regarding the operation of, and further investment in, the firm. To be more specific, the analysis is undertaken to serve the following purposes (objectives): * Assessment of Past Performance. Past performance is a good indicator of future performance. * Assessment of current position. Financial statement analysis shows the current position of the firm in terms of the types of assets owned by a business firm and the different liabilities due against the enterprise. * Prediction of profitability and growth prospects. Financial statement analysis helps in assessing and predicting the earning prospects and growth rates in earning which are used by investors while comparing investment alternatives and other users in judging earning potential of business enterprise. * Prediction of bankruptcy and failure. Financial statement analysis is an important tool in assessing and predicting bankruptcy and probability of business failure. * Assessment of the operational efficiency. Financial statement analysis helps to assess the operational efficiency of the management of a company. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (DYCI) started as a non-sectarian secondary institution. It was established in 1950 as the Francisco Balagtas Academy (FBA). In 1987, the name of the institution was changed to Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges (DYFBC). Through the years, the school has been an integral part in the formation of many young men and women of Bulacan, metamorphosing into successful practitioners in their various fields of interest. In 2001, the name of the institution was changed again and became Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (formerly Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges, Inc.) was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 2001, primarily to own, operate, maintain, or otherwise administer a school or colleges of any nationality providing therein education in different courses. Far Eastern University.The Far Eastern University, Incorporated (the University or FEU) is a domestic educational institution founded in June 1928 and was registered and incorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on October 27, 1933. On October 27, 1983, the University extended its corporate life for another 50 years. The University became a listed corporation in the Philippine Stock Exchange on July 11, 1986. The University is a private, non-sectarian institution of learning comprising the following different institutes that offer specific courses, namely, Institute of Arts and Sciences; Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance; Institute of Education; Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts; Institute of Nursing; Institute of Engineering; Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management; Institute of Law; and Institute of Graduate Studies (PSE website). In November 2009, FEU entered into a Joint Venture (JV) Agreement to establish a joint venture company (JVC) for culinary arts. The registration of the JVC was approved by the SEC on May 7, 2010. In 2010, the University established the FEU Makati Campus (the Branch) in Makati City. The Branch started its operations in June 2010 (PSE website). III. FINDINGS/ANALYSIS FINANCIAL RATIOS Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a company’s financial statements the level and historical trends of these ratios can be used to make inferences about the company’s financial condition, its operation and attractiveness as an investment. There are four categories of ratio used in financial statement analysis. These are: (1) Liquidity Ratio(2)Activity Ratio(3)Leverage Ratio(4)Profitability Ratio This part of the study is organized the calculation and comparison of ratios of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. and Far Eastern University using the four categories of financial ratios. Specific ratios for each category are also presented and analyzed 1. Liquidity ratio. Which measure a firm’s ability to meet cash needs as they arise. * Current ratio. The current ratio indicates a company’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations. The current ratio measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. This ratio shows the current assets available to cover current liabilities at the balance sheet date. There should be a reasonable buffer of current assets over current liabilities as an indicator of the ability of the firm to pay its debts as and when they fall due. As presented, the current ratio of FEU is insignificantly increasing, which could mean more current assets may still be invested in other wealth-generating activities. This implies that FEU has to revisit its capital budgeting initiatives. As to the current ratio of DYCI is generally decreasing which has 4.36 in 2007 that reflects inefficient working capital management to 1.56 by 2011 which falls into a healthy mark of business current assets and liabilities that indicate both account are well functioning and helpful to the operation. * Quick or acid-test ratio. The quick ratio is a measure of a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations using its most liquid assets (near cash or quick assets). Quick assets include those current assets that presumably can be quickly converted to cash at close to their book values.As a supplement to current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio aims to show the more liquid current assets available to pay the more immediately payable liabilities. With reference to current assets, FEU has its quick asset for the year 2010 of 2.26 and 1.92 for the year of 2011. The acid test ratio of FEU is steadily decreasing from 2007 to 2011 which could be interpreted as a deterioration of liquidity.While quick ratio of DYCI is same as their current ratio decreases because the only current assets they have arecash and cash equivalent and trade receivables which are both included in the quick assets. DYCI is less liquid than their previous. * Working Capital to total assets. Working capital to total assets ratio is useful while evaluating the company’s level of liquidity. Working capital measures a company’s ability to cover its short term financial obligations by comparing its Total Current Assets to its Total Assets.FEU’s working capital to total assets shows that from 0.57 in 2007 has its increased up to 4.26 in 2011 which indicates a positive sign, showing that FEU’s liquidity is improving over time. While DYCI has decreased its working capital to total assets between years 2007 with 0.21 down to 0.08 in 2011 that indicates the company may have too many total current liabilities, reducing the amount of working capital available. * Cash-flow liquidity ratio. Cash-flow liquidity ratio measures how well a company can handle its Short Term Debt with its cash and other liquid assets. It seems like quick ratio of FEU has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. This just confirms the discussion presented in the current ratio portion that not all current assets of FEU fall under the immediately realizable current assets when needed to pay off maturing debts. In the financial ratio of DYCI the cash flow liquidity ratio is unstable where it goes from 2.44 in 2007 it went down to 1.72 by 2008 and escalate to 2.36 and 3.57 by 2009 & 2010 but drastically recede during 2011 to 2.71 it shows that DYCI can provide cash payment to its short term obligation. 1. Activity ratio. Which measure the liquidity of specific assets and efficiency of managing assets. * Trade Receivable turn-over. Trade Receivable turn-over measures how many times a company’s accounts receivable have been turnover into cash during the year.FEU’s converted trade receivables into cash 3.14 times in 2011, low from 20.17 in 2007. The turnover if receivable doesn’t improve which may indicate a not do good quality of receivable and no improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. While the DYCI has a 41.92 times in 2011, up from 26.09 times in 2007. The receivable has improved and this may indicate better quality of receivable and improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. Generally, a high turnover of DYCI is good because it could indicate efficiency in the collection of receivable, but a very high turnover may not be favorable because it may indicate that credit and collection policies are overly restrictive. * Average Collection Period. This helps evaluate the liquidity of accounts receivable, the ability of the firm to collect from the customers.The ratio for FEU, indicate that during 2011, the firm collected its accounts in 116 days on average. No improvement over the 18 days collection period in 2007. This is one of the main reasons why it has significantly higher current assets.While the DYCI’s financial ratio reflects that decreased their average collection turnover by 5 days from 14days in 2007 to 9days by 2011 which signifies that there’s an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating wellalthough out the operations that generates revenue.FEU has the longest collection period. Whether the average of 18 days taken to collect an account is good or bad, it depends on the credit terms FEU is offering. * Working capital turn-over. Working capital turn-over measures how well a company is utilizing its working capital to support a given level of sales. FEU’s financial ratio shows that working capital turnover in 2007 with 2.04 down to 1.07 in 2011 indicates a decreasing ratio which is a low ratio that FEU is investing in too many accounts receivable to support its sales, which could eventually lead to an excessive amount of bad debts and obsolete inventory. On the other hand DYCI has a working capital turnover between year 2011 with 17.11 and 9.62 in 2007 that means a high, or increasing Working Capital Turnover is usually a positive sign, showing the company is better able to generate sales from its Working Capital. But an extremely high working capital turnover ratio can indicate that DYCI does not have enough capital to support it sales growth. This is a particularly strong indicator when the accounts payable component of working capital is very high, since it indicates that management cannot pay its b ills as they come due for payment. * Asset turn-over ratio. Asset turn-over ratio measures how efficiently a company’s assets generate revenue For FEU, the total asset turnover has decreased relative to the industry. As reflected in the financial ratio of asset turnover in 2007 with 0.58 times that there is no improvement primarily in 2011 with 0.49 times. Like DYCI also has no improvement on their asset turnover ratio like FEU. The year 2007 and 2011 the ratio is low from 1.41 down to 0.84. But similar to the previous financial ratio, as a rule of thumb, to be considered effective, it should be at least 0.30 times. Using this, it can be said that the two firms both FEU and DYCI keep an effective mechanism on utilizing their total assets. * Capital intensity ratio. Capital intensity ratio measure of a firm’s efficiency in deployment of its assets.As reflected on the financial ratio of FEU. The capital intensity in 2007 was 1.72 and has an improvement with 2.05 in 2011. So FEU’s capital intensity ratio is high, it is said to be capital intensive. Like DYCI also a high ratio in 2007 with 0.71 up to 1.19 in 2011. This means that both firms have to make a significant investment in assets relative to the amount of sales revenue those assets can produce. Hence, FEU is more capital intensive than DYCI 1. Leverage ratio. Which measures the extent of a firm’s financing with debt relative to equity and its ability to cover interest and other fixed charges. * Debt ratio. Debt ratio measures the proportion of all assets that are financed with debt.Total debt includes all current liabilities and long term debt. Creditors prefer low ratios because the lower the ratio, the greater the cushion against losses in the event of liquidation. As presented, in 2007 with a 0.15 down to 0.12 in 2011 it seems like FEU will be highly favored because they have the lowest ratio and lower the risk. On the other hand DYCI will also be highly favoredbecause of its 0.89 in 2007 up to 0.91 in 2011. They both have the lowest ratio and indicate lower the risk because they didn’t have reached the generally considered maximum ratio of 50%. To much debt would pose difficulty in obtaining additional debt financing when needed or that credit is available only at extremely high rates of interest and most onerous terms. * Debt to equity ratio. Debt to equity ratio measures the riskiness of the firm’s capital structure in terms of relationship between the funds supplied by the creditor and the investor.As reflected from the financial ratio of FEU. FEU’s debt to equity ratio has increased between 0.88 of 2011 and 0.85 0f 2007, implying a slightly riskier capital structure. On the other hand the financial ratio of DYCI’s debt to equity ratio decreases from 0.11 in 2007 and 0.9 in 2011 which implies a no risk capital structure. 1. Profitability ratio. Which measure the overall performance of a firm and its efficiency in managing assets, liabilities, and equity * Operating Profit Margin. A ratio used to measure a company’s pricing strategy and operating efficiency.FEU’s operating profit margin doesn’t have an improvement because of its 34% in 2007 down to 26% in 2011. This is unfavorable because it indicates the ability of the company that there is no control in operating expenses while sharply decreasing sale. Unlike the operating profit margin of DYCI is consistently in equal level which is 1% in 2007 until 2011 with 1% as well. * Cash Flow Margin. Cash flow margin is cash from operating activities as a percentage of sales in a given period.FEU’s cash flow margin between 0.32% in 2011 decreased from the operating margin of 0.43% in 2007. On the other hand the DYCI’s cash flow margin in 2011 of 0.21 was higher than the operating margin. This indicates a strong positive generation of cash. The performance in 2011 represent a solid and impressive improvement over 2005 which is -0.01 when the firm failed to generate cash from operations and had a negative cash floe margin. * Rate of Return on Assets (ROA). It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings.This ratio measures efficiency with which assets are used to operate the firm. As a rule of thumb, a higher return on total assets is preferred since lower ROAmay mean higher degree of leveragetherefore higher interest expense and lower net income. Referring to financial ratio of FEU between 2011 from 2008 FEU consistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with 1% in 2011. * Rate of Return on Equity. It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. This ratio measures the rate of return on common shareholders’ investment. This is considered as the most important accounting ratio as this has something to do with the DuPont equation. As a rule of thumb, the higher the ROE, the better since low ROE but high ROA may mean that the firm is using greater debt. Reflected inthe financial ratio of FEU between the year 2007 to 2011 is inconsistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with its low ratio of 7% in 2007. Summary of Financial Statements Analysis of FEU and DYCI Short-term liquidity and Activity Short-term liquidity and activity analysis is of particular significance to trade and short-term creditors, management and other parties concerned with the ability of a firm to meet near-term demand for cash. Both FEU and DYCI’s current and quick ratios are insignificantly decreasing indicating a deterioration of short-term liquidity. On the other hand the cash flow liquidity ratio of both firms doesn’t improved and has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. The average collection periods for accounts receivable of FEU doesn’t improved. There is no improvement that may be the result of poor day-to-day credit management or such temporary problem concerned by a depressed economy. While the DYCI decreased their average collection turnover by 5days which signifies that there is an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Presently, there appears to be no major problem in DYCI’s short-term liquidity position but FEU seems that there is a problem in average collection period that must have been improved. Long-term Solvency The debt ratios for FEU and DYCI shows a steady decreased in the use of borrowed funds. Total debt has decreased relative to total assets implying a slightly riskier capital structure. Given the decreased level of borrowing, the times earned and fixed charged coverage improved slightly in 2011. These ratio should however be monitored closely in the future particularly if the both firms continues to expand. Operating Efficiency and Profitability FEU and DYCI both decreased from 2007 to 2011 that means inefficient utilization or obsolescence of fixed assets. The assets turnover in 2011 of both firms also decreased implying that the company is not using its assets optimally and no progress traceable to improved management of receivables. Operating profit margin of FEU doesn’t have an improvement, unfavorable and manage to improve its operating margin in 2011 principally due to the ability of the firm that there is no control in operating expenses. Unlike DYCI that is in the stable level from 2007 to 2011. Referring to financial ratio of FEU and DYCI both firm increased considerably in 2011. These ratios measure the overall success of the both firm in generating profits from its investment and management strategies. Conclusion: It appears that Far Eastern University and Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. doesn’t have any major problems and is well proportioned for future growth but FEU must improve their average collection period. Close monitoring the firm’s management of receivables is important considering the size of the company’s capital tied up. The both firm should however be cautious of the increased risk associated with debt financing. IV. RECOMMENDATION The analysis of the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., financial statements shows that there is no consistent ratio on the increase of their comprehensive income unlike the Far Eastern University who maintains the increase of their profit. Therefore, it is advised that a stronger and more effective policy shall be developed and implemented regarding the ratio of the revenue and all expenses. When it comes to their cash every end of the year, Dr. Yanga’s improve better than FEU. For the past 5 years, FEU keeps on decreasing their cash on hand. It is observed and analyze that FEU’s cash on hand decrease, while their account receivables increase. So, the expected cash to be use in the entire year was still receivable that affects their accounting plans. It shows that FEU has a weak credit and collection policy, so it is advised to focus on those credit accounts, and also in accepting creditors and promissory notes. As reflected in the financial ratio of Far Eastern University and Dr. Yangas colleges, Inc. there is no major problems for both firms and is well proportioned for future growth. However the Far eastern University has a problem in their average collection period. Therefore, possessing a lower average collection period is seen as optimal, because this means that it does not take a company very long to turn its receivables into cash. Ultimately, every business needs cash to pay off its own expenses. In that case it is advised that FEU must improve an excellent credit term management to fall into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating well although out the operations that generates revenue.

Organizational Structure Essay

The reporting structure is a very important tool in an organization. This structure is a chart that serves as a roadmap of management levels and positions. Every business has a chain of command and it is structured uniquely, depending on the organization. The structure of an organization, if not built correctly can destroy the organization just like a building with poor architecture. The blueprints clarify and build a strong foundation in which to grow or build an organization. Chipotle is a Mexican Grill Restaurant in the fast food industry that started out with one location in Colorado back in 1993. Today it has just more than 1,400 locations in the United States, Canada, England, and France. The structure of this organization has had to change and adapt to the growth of the business over time. Like a majority of businesses and organizations the vertical organizational structure is similar with multiple levels of hierarchy. At Chipotle, the top of the pyramid is fulfilled by the board of directors whom have the ultimate responsibility of making decisions for the entire company (Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. 2010). At the bottom of the pyramid there are the store managers, assistants, shift managers, and employees completing the everyday operational tasks that brings in the money. Between these two levels there are district and regional managers seeing over the many locations spread out across America and beyond. It is for this reason the horizontal organizational structure of Chipotle is divisional. A divisional structure groups units around product, customers, or geographic regi ons. Chipotle’s mission and commitment is to deliver great quality tasting food with integrity to its customers no matter where the customers are; therefore, the tasks in completing this goal do not change from store to store, district to district, or region to region. Each of these regions has the same tasks, the same levels of management within them, and the same superiors to report to in the chain of command. Dividing the organization into divisions based on the geographic region makes it possible for each region to purchase their ingredients locally and organically. This divisional structure also allows the company to evaluate and compare the regions. This divisional structure is very different from that of others. A functional structure is organized into departments according to the business functions. In this structure each department has its own expectations and responsibilities, they are not like that of any other department, so the tasks in each department are different from one another. In this type of structure each department is built with individuals that have the skills and expertise in relation to that department. All 1,400 plus Chipotle restaurants are owned by the same corporation. If this was not the case and some stores were franchised out, then a network structure would need to be created. A network organization looks for ways for tasks to be completed outside of the organization by outsourcing. A store that agrees to license contracts and franchises with the company would be responsible for delivering and completing the goals at the specific location; these business functions include management, employment, product ordering, etc. Chipotle would be cutting a lot of cost and making money by contributing little in return. This is the main reason an organization would choose a network type of structure. The responsible party for the outsource function has the power to choose whatever way he or she pleases to complete the tasks and goals assigned. The divisional structure within Chipotle is coordinated by standardization and a formalization that is in place. Basically, each level of management is very clear on the activities required by them because they are usually the same duties repeated over and over. Some duties may be scheduled daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or yearly. Regardless of the schedule they repeat like a cycle. This standardization also makes it possible for the organization to compare and contrast reports and activities by district and regionally. The statistics and results of these reports and the comparisons give top management information needed to make important decisions for the company as a whole or divisionally. Each division and each business function within the company has clear procedures, and because rules and regulations are clearly written within policies the organization’s formal management can evaluate the performance of both. The divisional structure requires great communication skills. Chipotle is also a centralized organization where all decisions are made with the top level of management. Management is required to communicate these decisions, goals, and tasks downward to the destined level of management where implementation takes place. If these ideas and tasks were not communicated correctly poor performance and failure may occur. This may also occur if the information communicated upwards the chain of command is incorrect or ignored. The marketing department relies on information regarding the regions in which operations take place when making decisions and completing the tasks assigned to that function of the company. Operations has the biggest effect on the organizations decisions; therefore, dividing these operations into regions became important when the company grew larger outside of its own region. An organization must consider the facts that defines and describes itself. Factors like the business it conducts, the size and number of employees it has, and the locations in which it facilitates business will determine the type of structure needed. The success of the business depends on the structure built within the organization. Everyone in the entire organization needs to clearly understand the position they have and the responsibilities expected of them. An organizational chart serves exactly that purpose. Chipotle’s divisional structure maps out a wide span of control where fewer levels of reporting exist. Fortunately this divisional structure has turned out to be well chosen for Chipotle. Clearly Steve Ells, Founder, Chairman, and co-CEO knows exactly what he wants and needs from his organization. This reporting system has given him a competive edge. And, this knowledge has led him to great success. Once upon a time he owned a single location in Colorado and now there are Chipotle locations around the globe. Communication works well when it is mapped out correctly.

Helen Hunt Jackso Essays - Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century Of Dishonor

Helen Hunt Jackso Essays - Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century Of Dishonor Helen Hunt Jackso A Century Of Dishonor, a Triumph or Tragedy? The author Helen Hunt Jackson had hoped for a triumph over the mistreatment, abuse, and mainly the deaths of seemingly innocent Native Americans with her novel, A Century Of Dishonor. However, when the hard cold reality set in, her novel was merely a small tragedy in the battle for the Native Americans that sadly went unnoticed. What treaty that the whites ever made with us red men have they kept? Not one. When I was a boy the Sioux owned the world. The sun rose and set in their lands. They sent 10,000 horse men to battle. Where are the warriors to-day? Who slew them? Where are our lands? Who owns them? What white man can say I ever stole his money? Yet they say I am a thief.... What law have I broken? Is it wrong for me to love my own? Is it wicked in me because my skin is red; because I am a Sioux; because I was born where my fathers lived; because I would die for my people and my country (qtd. in Carruth and Ehrlich 56). To write about the author, one must first understand why she felt so strongly for this sensitive issue. Helen Hunt Jackson began writing professionally at age 35. She first became involved with the plight of the American Indian in 1879 after attending a lecture illuminating the poor living conditions and mistreatment the Ponca tribe was undergoing. Jackson became enamored with this issue, she effectively wielded her writing skills to illuminate the plight of the Poncas to the general public through the publication of numerous in-depth letters to the editors of many major eastern newspapers. She furthered her cause by writing personal letters to prominence such as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Oliver Wendell Holmes and became heavily involved in literary sparring matches with the Secretary of the Interior and others who disagreed with her cause. Her crusade was successful in obtaining federal resolve of many of the issues facing the Poncas (Moon 1). To write of the novel A Century Of Dishonor, one must understand from which it was written. This is a detailed account of the last six years of Jacksons life (1879-1885), when she struggled to promote the rights of American Indians displaced and dispossessed by the U. S. government (Mathes). This interest climaxed when she heard Ponca chieftain Standinng Bear and Suzette Bright Eyes La Flesche lecture in Boston in 1879 on the suffering of many dispossessed Plains Indians. As Odell notes, Jacksons was a sudden and consuming interest. For the first time, she identified herself with a national reform movement, not having written for the causes of black-white equality, temperance, and suffrage.... Jackson became determined to write a nonfiction book that would expose the governments maltreatment of its wards and plead for America to correct its record. Her campaign to arouse public opinion culminated in the publication in 1881 of A Century Of Dishonor, a document of some four hundred fifty pages whose major thesis is that the Indian policy of the United States defied the basic principles of justice (Estes 246-247). Helen Hunt Jackson had determined to do a full-dress study at the New York Astoor Library, where she found more than enough information to present that knowledge to the 1880 Congress. She presents her case in emotional narratives of the history of seven tribes, the Cheyennes, Cherokees, Delawares, Nez Perces, Poncass, Sioux, and Winnebagoes, and on the massacres of Indians by whites (Estes 247). Needless to say, the 1800 Congress was not interested. However, the powerful Indian Rights Association was formed within a year of its publication (Estes 247). Not only was the information publiced, President Chester Arthur appointed Helen Hunt Jackson as a commissionner of the Indian Affairs in 1882. To prove all this it is only necessary to study the history of any one of the Indian tribes. I propose to give in the following chapters merely outline sketches of the history of a few of them, not entering more into details than necessary to show the repeated broken faith of the United States government toward them. A full history of the wrongs they have suffered at the hands of the authorities, military and civil, and also of the citizens of this country, it would take years to write and volumes to hold (Jackson 29).The novel was then reviewed in the New York Times sixteen years after her death. Of this story it is not necessary to say anything here. This edition is printed in

Free Essays on Stuck In Neutral

, â€Å"I love you,† are just out of reach. Stuck in neutral is just about that. About the everyday struggles with which Shawn deals. The inability to do this, the inability to do that. The inability to say, â€Å"don’t worry about me, I’m happy.† The only time Shawn is happy is when he has a seizure, for the fact that it is the only time he feels free. Isn’t that sad? To everybody else, it is sad. In reality his seizures are the only thing keeping him sane, even though everyone else thinks he is in pain. So now Shawn tries to avoid the inevitable, death. Death not by natural causes, but death by asphyxiation. By the person that loves him the most†¦his dad. But, for some reason his dad’s madness is, in a sense, honorable. He doesn’t want to see his son go through what he is. One has to take what life deals them. Life is like a box of chocolates. None of us know what’s going to happen to us or even when our ‘ticket’ is going to be called. The only thing we can do is try our best to live the life... Free Essays on Stuck In Neutral Free Essays on Stuck In Neutral Stuck In Neutral â€Å"Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what your gonna get.†(Forrest Gump) Substantiated in Terry Trueman’s novel, Stuck in neutral, an unwinable war is fought between Shawn and the disability with which he was cursed. Cursed in a sense that†¦how would one feel if even eye contact was on the brink of impossible? And, that was the easiest thing that Shawn could do. Disability? What does that really mean? The best person to ask is Shawn McDaniel, if he could speak, if he could write, or even if he could give some sort of sign that he understands a thing that is said to him. So, who is to blame? His parents, himself, or how about nature? Shawn battles nature everyday for the anguish and loneliness to which is disability has subjected him. See, Shawn didn’t fall out a tree, or get hit by a car. During his birth, a blood vessel in his brain burst in the most profound spot. So now even the words, â€Å"I love you,† are just out of reach. Stuck in neutral is just about that. About the everyday struggles with which Shawn deals. The inability to do this, the inability to do that. The inability to say, â€Å"don’t worry about me, I’m happy.† The only time Shawn is happy is when he has a seizure, for the fact that it is the only time he feels free. Isn’t that sad? To everybody else, it is sad. In reality his seizures are the only thing keeping him sane, even though everyone else thinks he is in pain. So now Shawn tries to avoid the inevitable, death. Death not by natural causes, but death by asphyxiation. By the person that loves him the most†¦his dad. But, for some reason his dad’s madness is, in a sense, honorable. He doesn’t want to see his son go through what he is. One has to take what life deals them. Life is like a box of chocolates. None of us know what’s going to happen to us or even when our ‘ticket’ is going to be called. The only thing we can do is try our best to live the life...

The Importance of a Global Approach to Regulating Corporate Governance Essay

The Importance of a Global Approach to Regulating Corporate Governance - Essay Example Corporate Governance Corporate governance can be considered to be a recently coined term and has a significant impact on the business operations carried on by the companies (Solomon, 2011). Corporate governance is used in various ways and one particular definition is not sufficient to completely define corporate governance. Generally, a wide variety of issues that are related to the various ways through which business activities carried on by the business organisations can be directed or controlled is described through the term corporate governance (Turner, 2009, p. 5). If we look at it in a broad sense, corporate governance can be viewed as a system of codifying the conduct of business activities that are followed by different organisations. The wider issues that are related to improving the shareholders’ performance are also included in the corporate governance mechanisms followed by the companies. Certain issues that are associated with the company’s stakeholders lik e the accountability of the business firms towards fulfilling particular interests of the stakeholders are also addressed through corporate governance. Stakeholders constitute of anyone who has a relation with the company including the shareholders, customers, suppliers, employees, community, etc (Turner, 2009, p. 5). There are many theories which have evolved to address the growing development of corporate governance issues all around the world. According to Mallin (2007), some of those corporate governance theories include, the agency theory, transaction cost economics, the stakeholder theory, the stewardship theory, class hegemony, and managerial hegemony. The agency relationship is identified through the agency theory wherein one of the parties... The discussion and analysis in the paper followed in MNCs and the approach towards global corporate governance system suggest that although theoretically it can be beneficial for the companies but practically it is a challenging task. No consensus has been made as yet regarding the best system of corporate law that is suitable for all the organisations worldwide and whether the convergence of the corporate governance mechanisms followed in organisations worldwide would increase their performance. To be more specific it is still unknown as to whether a new hybrid model of corporate governance mechanism would emerge or not. The report makes a conclusion that the business environment worldwide is changing at fast rate and the corporate governance systems are required to adapt to such changes. It is quite inevitable that certain changes in the governance mechanism would occur but the big question lies behind the fact as to whether the corporate governance in a particular country would be able to successfully adapt to such changes or not. It is unlikely that some drastic change would occur to facilitate the global approach towards regulating corporate governance because the companies as well the investors are found to be reluctant to change a system that has been working well for them till now. With the increasing influence of globalisation, and with the organisational structure of MNCs becoming more and more complex, it is certain that some changes would occur in the corporate governance system.

Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Plan - Essay Example Another main risk of Hawaiian Airlines includes causing distress to passengers in cases where the authorities find that their luggage’s â€Å"size, weight, or character renders it unsuitable for transportation on the particular aircraft which is to transport it, or which cannot be accommodated without harming or annoying passengers† (Contract of Carriage, 2013).Hawaiian Airlines is forbidden from allowing any passengers to carry an item that is prohibited in their regulations or laws. Risk Management: Another thing is that Hawaiian Airlines does not allow any object or device, which can get in the way with its usual processes, on board the aircraft. â€Å"Risk management is a systematic way of identifying potential risks within a project, gauging or estimating the probabilities of these risks occurring, to then develop strategies to manage these risks† (Bliss, 2005). Risk assessment: Identifying risks: Hawaiian Airlines explores various options available in order to reduce costs. But this is a very difficult task as present day competition between different airlines is very stiff. Some risks faces by the airlines arise because of the complex structure of its industry. These risks have to be identified and managed for the airlines to maintain its business and progress to higher levels. One of the major issues faced by the airlines is that it can sometimes alienate its loyal customers. This happens at times when the Aloha flights of Inter-Island are skimped in order to upscale or refurbish Hawaiian Pacific Airlines in order to increase client service. Risk Analysis: Risk assessment is not just related with identifying risks, but also making the stakeholders and project team aware of them. It also includes assessing the possible severity of these risks, thus, recognizing where most attention is to be given in order to transform risks into the advantage of the organization. In the case of aggressive growth, Hawaiian Airlines faces medium risk a s mentioned before. It is a fact that they do not provide services of flight to countries such Singapore and India, which are common tourism destinations. Singapore being an extremely popular tourist centre and the third richest nation in the globe, should be included by the Hawaiian Airlines in the list of countries they provide services to. Market Share in Inter-Island Services in Hawaiian Airlines shows low risks comparatively. To remove the competition in Inter-Island facilities area, the industry needs to develop some strategies to attract further customers and, therefore, increase their market share. Announcing particular offers, introducing special services, offering additional discounts to common fliers etc can be a few among the strategies. Brand Image in Hawaiian Airlines is an element that poses high risks. Corporate reputation is influenced to some extent by the value of the pilots in the airlines. It is the most crucial part in strategic airline management and, therefor e, Hawaiian Airlines have to maintain as well as find ways to improve their brand image. Calculating Severity The scales for calculating the probability as well as influence of risks may be qualitative, in some cases where there are comparative definitions available. Hawaiian Airlines suggests the following: Scale impact 1 Very aggressive growth Low 33 2 Interisland Competition risk

How SMEs Differ From Their Larger Counterparts Essay - 1

How SMEs Differ From Their Larger Counterparts - Essay Example Some of the main factors that distinguish SMEs from their larger counterparts include layers of management, individual responsibility, communication, speed of decision-making, attitude towards risk, allocation of resources, formal practices, organizational structure, flexibility, marketing and advertising, environment, and politics. Let us discuss each of them in some detail in order to know how these factors create differences between SMEs and large corporations. 2.1 Layers of Management One of the main differences between SMEs and large companies is the layers of management. SMEs generally have very few layers of management as compared to large companies. They have less number of managers and employees because of simple and short organizational structure. The organizational chart of SMEs also looks flat because of fewer layers of management. â€Å"Small business organizational charts are often flat; they look like two or three stacked rows of bricks with one or two bricks on top† (Ingram n.d., p.1).

The Roots and Origins of Islamic Terrorism Essay Example for Free

The Roots and Origins of Islamic Terrorism Essay Since the 1970s terrorism against the US has been growing and on September 11th it became apparent that terrorism will be a major problem the US will face in the years ahead. The question this essay seeks to explore is: what is terrorism and what are some the causes of this anti-US terrorism? In order to find the causes of anti-US terrorism, this essay will research various academic works in an effort to find some explanations of what causes anti-US terrorism. I will examine a couple different hypothesis that try to explain the causes of terrorism, but my research I plan to argue that anti-US terrorism is rooted in political and social movements by angry Islamic fundamentalists who believe using non-conventional tactics are the most rational way to fight the US and the western powers. Terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, do not see diplomacy with the US as an option to voice their demands because they see the US as a superpower that is unwilling to listen to their demands and also because most of the Arab governments are friends with the US. Because diplomacy is not an available option and there is an inability to formally fight the west militarily, terrorists groups have chosen to use non-traditional tactics to fight the west. Research into this issue is very important for political research because terrorism has become a major security issue for the US and other countries around the world. Also, research into the causes of terrorism is important because it is a tactic that non-state actors can and will be using the years ahead as a form of leverage against the US and the West. In my conclusion I will present some possible solutions how terrorism can hopefully be stopped in the future. Defining terrorism as one definite thing is not an easy task, but generally terrorism is considered to be non-conventional form of warfare that individuals or groups can use to fight for their agenda, whether it is a political, social, religious and/or economic cause. Terrorists use many non-conventional ways of fighting such as car bombs, keeping people hostage, and in some cases hijacking air planes. As a ‘weapon of the weak’, terrorism is deployed by groups to gain media attention and visibility as the first step in gaining ‘name recognition’ within the international community. (Nacos 1994). Through the publicity generated by their violence, terrorists seek to obtain the leverage, influence and power they otherwise lack to create political change on either a local or an international scale. The traditional laws of war do not apply  to terrorism, partly because terrorist groups do not abide to treaties on war, and also because terrorist groups use fear as their form of leverage, which is why it is okay for them to kill innocent people. In cases of groups such as Al-Qaeda killing innocent people is not considered a bad thing because to them there is a religious justification. Power has always played a crucial role in the international system and based on this principle we can believe that the struggle for power has a major influence on the decision of terrorist groups to commit acts of terrorism. (Sobeck Braithwaite 2005) In a study by David Sobek and Alex Braithwaite the two researchers hypothesize that as political, military, and diplomatic capabilities become concent rated into American and allied hands, the amount of terrorism directed against Americas interests will increase as a way to counter balance this power. Because terrorists are non-state actors they do not have access to conventional forms of fighting or the diplomatic channels that states use to resolve their disputes, they must use non-conventional forms of fighting. The choice to employ terrorist activities arises rationally from the environmental context within which these groups find themselves in, in that terrorism is the most cost-effective way for the terrorists to accomplish their goals. (Ajami 2001) The United States’ predominant position in the world affects the decision of terrorist groups to launch terrorist attacks against US interests internationally. As the United States becomes increasingly dominant, the amount of terrorism directed against it is likely to increase. Terrorism is seen by the terrorists as a counter-balancing mechanism. (Sobeck Braithwaite 2005) Increasing American dominance limits the ability of groups with revisionist views of the international system, such as that of the Palestinians, to be h eard, let alone changed. (Sobeck Braithwaite 2005) The options available for these groups to act are diplomacy, perhaps through a NGO or their home state if they are willing to listen, or terrorism, which is intended to create an instant response (Most Starr, 1989) From these choices, terrorist groups choose strategies that they see as rational that will maximize their expected outcome. (Sobeck Braithwaite 2005) This means that the decision to engage in terrorism relates directly to the expected efficacy of an action and the likely payoffs received if it is successful. For example the terrorist activities of 9/11 cost Al-Qaeda roughly 400,000  dollars and nineteen lives were lost in the process, but the outcome of causing thousands of deaths, several billion dollars of damage, and most importantly creating fear in the minds of millions of people world-wide was a very ‘cost-effective’ decision by Al-Qaeda to put world spotlight on their anti-US position. (Sobeck Braithwaite 2005) The desire to counter-balance the US and west and remove from the Middle East a long with belief that it possible has caused the creation of many terrorist groups since the 1970s. This anti-western feeling had been around for a long time, but the creation of Israel and the growing amount of western influence in the region really sparked terrorist movements in this time period. Groups such as Hezbollah, a Lebanese group that has been around since the 1980s, have realized that using non-conventional warfare, such as blowing up the US Embassy in Beirut, can be a way to fight and neutralize the conventional military superiority of a superpower. (Cannistraro and Giraldi 2007) This action seemed to be a victory for Hezbollah as US and French forces withdrew from the country after the bombing. This act of removing western countries using terrorism inspired other terrorist groups to try to fight Western influence in their home countries and to fight western countries in their homeland as see n by the attacks of 9/11 and the bombings in Madrid. It is a common misperception that terrorists are insane and not rational actors because they use tactics such as suicide, but this is not necessarily the case. Marc Sageman, a former CIA officer, studied the rationality of terrorists and found that the popular depictions of brainwashed or poor and uneducated terrorists are generally not true. He profiled 382 terrorists and his work reveals that terrorists are more likely to be normal, well-educated types with families and good professional-level jobs. (Sageman 2002) Most are middle or upper class and not poor, young, single, and/or deluded. (Sageman 2002) Only a small percentage had any religious education, and many, more than 70 percent, had some university education. (Sageman 2002) Sageman concluded that Al Qaeda and its associated groups are generally composed of men who are very well educated, well off, and stable. According to Vincent Cannistraro and Philip Giraldi terrorists act as they  do not because they are crazy but beca use they believe what they do will bring about change to the global political status quo. Terrorists see terrorism as a way to create power where there is none or to consolidate power where there is very little. (Hoffman 1998) For the global Salafist terrorists, the objective is to put an end to corrupt Arab regimes, replacing them with theocracies, and to bring and end to western influence from Muslim lands. For the regionally based groups such as Hamas, the purpose of terrorism is national liberation from occupying powers e.g. Israel. (Cannistraro and Giraldi 2007) It can also be argued that even though acts of terrorism are universally condemned, they stimulate media coverage of an issue and provide an opening for moderate organizations to ask the public to consider the legitimacy of what the terrorists are fighting for as a separate issue from the tactics the groups use i.e. it can be argued that the terrorism in Israel has increased awareness of poor conditions of the Palestinian people. (Adamson) Along with being a political movement, terrorism has now also become a sociological phenomenon in parts of the Muslim world and in the west. In parts of the Middle East terrorists groups begin to form when members of the society feel upset with their home government for working with the US or other reasons that make them feel outcast i.e. economic reasons, feeling less dignified than people of the west, etc. It usually takes a charismatic leader to take the frustration of the many outcast people and channel it into a movement. In the words of Eric Hoffer, it is usually â€Å"an externalizing hatemongering leader† who â€Å"manipulates the slime of discontented souls.† (Hoffer 1989) Terrorist group leaders, such as Osama Bin Laden, are considered to be a therapist for the group and they blame an external cause for their difficulties of the group and righteously justify aggression against the believed source i.e. the US. (Robins Post, 1997). Once members are recruited in to these groups, there is a clear fusing of individual identity and group identity, particularly among the more radical elements of each organization. This is true both for the Islamist terrorists of Hamas as well as Al Qaeda and the global Salafi jihad. (Post 2005) For members of these terrorist groups ‘success’ within the community is defined as fighting for ‘the cause,’ which can be thought of as political, social,  and religious growth of the groups beliefs. As young men adopt this view of success, their own self image becomes more intimately intertwined with the success of the organization. (Post 2005) With no other means to achieve status and ‘success,’ the organization’s success becomes central to individual identity and provides a â€Å"reason for living† for group members. (Post 2005) As an individual’s identity succumbs to the organization, there is no room for individuality, meaning no individual ideas, identity, and decision-making. At the same time self-perceived success becomes more and more linked to the organization This creates a cycle where group members have a direct need to increase the power and prestige of the group through increasingly dramatic and violent operations because this will increase their own perceived ‘success’ (Post 2005) This fusion with the group seems to provide the necessary justification for their actions and loss of responsibility to the individual. Guilt or remorse by the individual is not tolerated because the organization does not express it. This is intensified among Islamist groups who feel they have a moral obligation to the cause and a religiously sanctioned justification for their actions e.g. Jihad (Post 2005). In Europe and in the US terrorist groups have formed from a different social phenomenon. When Marc Sageman did his detailed study on 382 terrorists, he found some interesting information about the origins of many Al-Qaeda terrorists. Sageman found that the average al Qaeda–type terrorist has traveled, frequently studied in the West, and that many terrorists developed their radicalism while they were studying or working in the West. (Sageman 2002) He discovered that most terrorists entered into the jihadi cause from the bottom up, meaning that they volunteered and were not actively recruited. Sageman explains that these terrorists frequently drifted into radical mosques as an act of cultural assertion, often because they felt homesick or alienated from the dominant Western culture. Once there, they joined cliques or friendship groups of the like-minded people also searching for a new identity. (Sageman 2002) According to Sageman, â€Å"The groups are characterized by a sense of anomie, their social and political alienation eventually being attributed to the decadence, corruption, and immorality of the West.† The next step for these outcast individuals is to  join an organization that is doing something to combat and roll back the western values. Sageman concluded from his study that it is the â€Å"alienation arising from the misguided multiculturalism that treats Muslims like a group needing to be protected that creates its own sense of victimization.† (Sageman 2002) Another explanation that some might give to explain terrorism is that it is a psychological disorder that is caused by a pneumopathological consciousness that involves the construction of an imaginative â€Å"second reality† where terrorism has intended and magical effects. (Cooper 2005) This belief that terrorism is caused by a second reality says when individuals, who out of necessity exist within commonsensical or â€Å"first† reality attempt to live within the imaginative or fantasy-based second reality and characteristic frictions between the two arise. With respect to modern terrorism, the chief conflicts are between religious or spiritual realities and their symbolization and the realities of unfavorable living conditions in the Middle East relative to countries of the West. The tension between the first and second reality is brought to life by the perverse logic of this second reality that interprets murder as self-sacrifice according to this theory. (Cooper 200 5) No matter how pragmatically destructive these acts of political violence may be in commonsense terms, for the people existing imaginatively within a second reality, they â€Å"are sanitized by virtue of the fact that they are religiously symbolic. They are stripped of their horror by being invested with religious meaning.† (Juergensmeyer 1996) Of the different academic works I have looked into, this theory that terrorism is caused by a psychological disorder seems to be the least plausible. The problem with the theory is that it is not possible to test the psychological dysfunctions of the terrorists partly because of an internal belief in this theory that the terrorists are able to live in the ‘first reality.’ Also since other researchers such as Marc Sageman have done case studies that show that terrorists are rational and normal people, there is strong evidence that contradicts this theory. This theory does not take into account the strong evidence put forth by the other works I have  researched that convincingly explain how terrorism is a rational way for the terrorists to fight the west of social and political reasons. While it is true that some terrorists groups are fighting in the name of religion, most terrorists groups have used religion as a justification and cover up for doing violent acts that are politically and socially motivated. Overall, this belief that terrorism is caused by a pneumopathological consciousness does little in supporting my hypothesis. Some of the articles I read gave me support for my hypothesis that terrorism is caused by political and social forces. â€Å"The Long War† by Vincent Cannistraro and Philip Giraldi was one of the articles that supported my hypothesis. The general theme of the article was that social alienation from the West, revenge for previous blood debt, a desire to put an end to corrupt Arab regimes and replace them with theocracies along with bringing about a retreat of the West, particularly the United States, from Muslim lands is what causes terrorism. Also â€Å"Victim of Success† by David Sobeck and Alex Braithwaite supported my hypothesis because it explained terrorism as political maneuver by groups like Al Qaeda to counter balance the military and political superiority of the US. An article that supported my notion that terrorism also has social motivations was the case study of terrorists my Marc Sageman, which explain how social alienation by Muslims living in the west cau ses these groups to feel hatred toward the west and act on their feelings. With a better understanding of the political and social causes of terrorism better efforts should be made by US foreign policy makers to tackle these root causes. It will be difficult to stop Muslim extremists from feeling outcast from their home governments, but better efforts need to be made by people living in the west to understand Islam and the problems Muslims in the Middle East face. Also people in the west need to do a better job of helping Muslims living in the west to assimilate into western society so they do not feel social alienation. A lot of this social tension between Muslims and the west can possibly be fixed with better education of Islam in schools and less negative depictions of Muslims and the Middle East in the media. The political causes of terrorism will be a little bit more difficult to fix. It is not likely that the US will lessen its power, but the US could try to do more to change its policy that affects the millions of Muslims living in the Middle East. First, the US should stop this double-standard of promoting peace in Isreal, while at the same time giving full support militarily and economically to the Israeli government, which doing very little to help the Palestinians. Next, the US should try to stop supporting Arab governments which are very oppressive towards their people. Although it is unlikely, the US and US companies should try to reduce their presence in the Middle East because we are clearly not welcome and many of the people living in the area think we are exploiting them while also corrupting their way of life with our more liberal social values. Also what the US should do to help stop terrorism is to increase the legitimacy of using diplomacy in the region because doing so would make terrorism not the most rational option for these angry groups. The implications of US foreign policy in the Middle East are very important if we want to see terrorism come to an end. It is unfortunate that the Islamic fundamentalists had to resort to using terrorism to fight for their political and social causes, but if the US does more to understand their needs and frustrations of these peoples and also act on this information, then hopefully we will see an the end of this era of terrorism. References: Adamson, Fiona B. (2005). Globalization, Transnational Political Mobilization, and Networks of Violence. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, retrieved November 5, 2007, From Academic Search Premier database Ajami, F. (2001). The Uneasy Imperium: Pax Americana in the Middle East. How did this happen? Terrorism and the new war. Public Affairs Reports, Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Academic Search Premier database Cannistraro,Vincent; Giraldi,Philip.(2007). The Long War Mediterranean Q., (Duke University Press) Retrieved November 5, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Cooper, Barry. (2005). Terrorism and Globalization. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. Retrieved November 5, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Hoffer, E. (1989). The true believer: Thoughts on the nature of mass movements. Harper and Rowe Perennial Library. Retrieved November 5, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Juergensmeyer, Mark (1996) The Worldwide Rise of Religious Nationalism. Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved November 5, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Most, B. and Starr, H. (1989). Inquiry, logic, and international politics. University of South Carolina Press. Retrieved November 11, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Nacos, B. (1994). Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the Oklahoma City Bombing. Columbia University Press. Retrieved November 5, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Post,Jerrold M. (2005). When Hatred Is Bred in the Bone: Psycho-Cultural Foundations of Contemporary Terrorism. Polit.Psychol. Retrieved November 5, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Robins, R Post, J (1997). Political paranoia: The psychopolitics of hatred. New Haven: Yale University Press. Retrieved November 11, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Sageman, Marc. (2002). Understanding Terror Networks. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved November 5, 2007 from Academic Search Premier database Sobek,David Braithwaite,Alex (2005). Victim of Success: American Dominance and Terrorism. Conflict Management and Peace Science. Department of Political Science, Louisiana State University Department of Political Science, Pennsylvania State University Retrieved November 11 2007, From Academic Search Premier database